A version of this article originally appeared on the Trace.
In 2007, a Virginia Tech student opened fire on campus, killing 32 of his classmates and teachers. The incident catalyzed a movement to allow gun owners with concealed-carry permits to bring their weapons with them onto college campuses—places where guns have been traditionally banned.
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That same year, Utah became the first state to pass a so-called campus carry law. Since then, at least nine other states have adopted laws that allow guns on university grounds. The most recent was Arkansas, which opened up college campuses—and sporting venues on college campuses—to concealed-carry holders on March 22. Under intense public pressure, the legislature scrambled to give universities a way to keep stadiums gun-free: Governor Asa Hutchinson signed the revised bill on Tuesday.
Georgia could be next: A campus-carry bill is also on Governor Nathan Deal’s desk. Last year, he vetoed a slightly stronger version of the same legislation.
Not all campus-carry laws are the same. Here is what we know about where they apply, what they do, and about the movement that is spreading them.
What Is Campus Carry?
“Campus carry” is the broad term for laws that allow for faculty, staff, students, and individuals other than security or law enforcement to bring firearms onto public school property.
The states with laws on the books that mandate public universities to allow guns on campus, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, are Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin.
Minnesota has a narrow version of campus carry that allows visitors to carry guns but not students or faculty.
Another 23 states leave the decision of whether or not to allow firearms on campus up to individual universities, and 17 have outright bans, according to NCSL.
I Feel Like I’ve Only Started to Hear About Campus Carry Recently. Is It New?
The effort to allow concealed guns on college campuses began a decade ago but has gathered momentum in the last two years.
Last year alone, at least 16 states considered such bills. It’s important to note that these proposals remain legislatively unpopular, even in states with strong pro-gun populations. Of the bills considered in 2016, only one passed, in Tennessee. And that one has a relatively narrow application: Staff and faculty with permits may carry guns onto campuses but not students or visitors. (In Ohio, a law was passed to give universities the option of allowing firearms, but none have been reported to do so.)
Do These Laws Mean That Students Can Carry Guns Anywhere? Like in Classrooms and in Dorms?
It depends. Some states require schools to allow concealed weapons almost everywhere. However, in some states, schools can prohibit firearms from certain areas.
In six campus-carry states, firearms are not allowed in classrooms. The exceptions are Texas, Colorado, Utah, and Arkansas.
Most states prohibit firearms in campus-living quarters—with the exception of Utah. But, starting next school year, Arkansas will become the second state with firearm-friendly dormitories. In Colorado, firearms are banned from all undergraduate dorms. But if a student requests, he or she can be transferred to graduate housing that allows firearms.
In Kansas, a law will go into effect in July requiring that any university building where firearms are prohibited have “adequate security measures,” including metal detectors and onsite firearm storage. Universities had four years to comply, which they must do if they wish to keep guns out of classrooms and dorms.
Private colleges and universities are given the opportunity to opt out of campus-carry laws. In response to the Texas law, which went into effect last year, all but one private university opted out.
What About Stadiums?
This fact was lost amid the hoopla over the Arkansas law that briefly opened up all college sporting venues to concealed weapons: It’s not the only state to have done so. Utah has allowed firearms inside college stadiums for a decade, with a few exceptions.
In 2015, the University of Utah prohibited guns at US Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor’s book-tour stop at the school’s flagship arena in Salt Lake City, citing a security threat to the justice.
Do People Who Carry Guns on Campus Need to Have Training?
Generally, yes, people are required to have concealed-carry permits and associated training, which varies state by state. To get a license in Utah, applicants must complete a five-hour class. In Arkansas, in addition to a concealed-carry permit, individuals must complete an eight-hour “enhanced training” course in order to carry firearms on university grounds. (The Arkansas State Police are currently developing the curriculum for this permit.)
However, starting this summer, Kansas will pave new ground on this front. The state did away with permits two years ago, and a bill will lapse this summer that allowed public universities extra time to comply with a law allowing concealed weapons in all public buildings. So, as of July 1, anyone over 21 can carry a concealed weapon to school—no permit or training required.
What Happens When Schools Don’t Want to Comply with Campus-Carry Policies?
They can encourage state lawmakers to revise the laws or take them to court. Three professors at the University of Texas, Austin, tried the legal route late last year. They argued that the presence of firearms stifled free discourse at the university. The lawsuit was eventually dismissed.
What Do Students, Administrators, and the Public Think About Campus Carry?
Students and university administrators have been some of the most vocal opponents to campus-carry policies.
More than 400 college and university administrations have joined the national Campaign to Keep Guns Off Campus. And in Texas and Georgia—two of the most high-profile campus-carry fights in recent years—student protests consumed colleges as bills advanced through the legislature.
In Arkansas, in the midst of heated debate over its then pending campus-carry bill, the university chancellor, Joseph Steinmetz, issued a strongly worded statement evoking concerns about putting the safety of students in jeopardy with the increased presence of firearms. He cited campus law enforcement, who he wrote, “do not believe that the campus would be safer if guns are permitted.”
The same goes for the general public. In Florida, where lawmakers have considered campus carry for several sessions, a March poll found that more than 60 percent of registered voters oppose guns on campus.
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And What About Cops?
By and large, law enforcement has been quiet on campus-carry laws.
The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators has changed its stance over the years. In 2008, the association issued a vigorous opposition to guns on campus, citing the concern that officers wouldn’t be able to distinguish between bystanders and assailants in an active-shooting situation. Yet in March, the group’s president told reporters that the organization could no longer come to a consensus on the issue.
Last year, however, the police chief of Austin, Art Acevedo, successfully persuaded Texas lawmakers to amend a provision of the state’s campus-carry law that would have limited law enforcement’s authority from questioning people with firearms. At a news conference, accompanied by other state law enforcement leaders, he delivered this message to lawmakers: “You can’t be the party of law and order and not listen to your police chiefs.”
Who Are the Proponents of Campus Carry?
The most active lobbyists for these bills are the National Rifle Association and a network of pro-gun student organizations, Students for Campus Carry. The Trace’s reporting revealed that SCC members, more than 40,000 strong, are trained by veteran right-wing operatives.
The argument advanced by these groups is simple: the more guns on campus, the more opportunities to stop a mass shooting.
“The hard facts are, we can’t predict where evil may strike—the next campus, the next church, the next shopping mall or airport,” Wayne LaPierre, the organization’s leader, said last year during an address to graduating students at Liberty University, a private Christian school that allows guns on campus. “And if God forbid a monster should walk onto this campus, that evil will be met with the one indisputable fact of liberty: that the surest way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.”
Do Guns on Campus Make Students Safer?
Research suggests that the risks posed by guns on campus outweigh their potential for increased safety. One study, published last October by a team from Johns Hopkins University, concluded that increasing the number of weapons on college grounds is “likely to lead to more shootings, homicides, and suicides on campus, especially among students.”
There’s scant evidence that a “good guy with a gun”—a standard gun rights talking point—can protect against an attack. Of 160 active-shooting incidents between 2000–2013, detailed by an FBI report, the assailant was stopped by a concealed-carry permit holder in only one case—and he was a Marine. On the other hand, 21 active shooters were stopped by unarmed citizens.
A version of this article was originally published by the Trace, a nonprofit news organization covering guns in America. Sign up for the newsletter, or follow the Trace on Facebook or Twitter.
