You know the feeling. You’re two, maybe three drinks in, and you suddenly get a special hunger. It’s like a void that you hadn’t noticed, and now you want to fill it with something hot. Something so hot and filthy that you’ll regret it when it’s over, but oh god I spend my whole life not doing things I’ll regret, just give me this one goddam thing. Please.
And the strangest part of all this is that you don’t smoke. Or rarely. In fact, you can go weeks without smoking. But then you mix in some alcohol and all your nicotine circuits come online.
So what’s going on? Why is your brain doing this?
According to Dr John Dani, a neuroscientist and expert on the mechanisms of addiction from the University of Pennsylvania, the urge to smoke is two-pronged. The first part results from the way nicotine affects memory, but the other is in how nicotine combines with alcohol to reduce dopamine levels. Together the two mechanisms make cigarettes seem delicious.
Let’s break that down a little more. Firstly, with the effects on memory.
In 2009, Dr Dani’s team published a study examining how nicotine supercharges the formation of memory pathways. What they did was run laboratory mice through two compartments in a pen. In one compartment the mice received a dose of harmless saline, while in the other they received a dose of nicotine. Unsurprisingly the mice quickly learned to spend more time in the nicotine compartment. But what’s really interesting is the affect the nicotine had on their brains.
“Compared to injections of saline, nicotine strengthened neuronal connections, sometimes up to 200 percent,” explained Dr Dani. “And this strengthening of connections underlies new memory formation. We found that nicotine could strengthen neuronal synaptic connections only when the so called reward centres sent a dopamine signal. And that was the critical process in creating the memory associations.”
So on the one hand, the study just underlined something we already knew: that feel-good activities make us want to do them again. But on the other, it showed on a neurological level how our memories of smoking cigarettes get hardwired into the brain. And more importantly, how all these associated memories—such as drinking and hanging with friends—all get bundled into these same, nicotine-reinforced memory pathways.
Videos by VICE
“I remember recently finishing an experiment with a colleague and we went to a bar,” explained Dr Dani. “I had known him for many years and never knew he smoked, but then he admitted he could really go for a cigarette. He said he hadn’t smoked in 20 years, not since high school. But now he has a few drinks and feels the urge to smoke.”
So that’s one reason you want a cigarette with your pint, but there’s another. And again it involves Dr Dani’s rodent experiments.
It’s been known for a long time that, taken separately, alcohol and nicotine bolster dopamine in the brain. Because of this, Dr Dani and his team theorised that if nicotine and alcohol were consumed together levels of dopamine would rise even higher. But it turned out the opposite was true. While rats that’d been dosed with nicotine were shown to consume more alcohol, their dopamine levels actually flatlined.
Surprised, Dr Dani and his team repeated the entire experiment. But they got the same results. After a lot of head scratching they realised the combination of nicotine and alcohol was actually initiating a release of stress hormones that stopped the release of dopamine. Or in more simple terms: drinks and cigarettes will make you happy if consumed separately. But together, they’ll make you less happy.
So the reason people keep smoking and drinking is to regain that happiness. Theoretically, it’s a cycle that starts when alcohol dredges up those positive memories of smoking. But then smoking a cigarette, after drinking, drops your levels of dopamine. So there’s again an urge to drink more to recuperate levels of happiness-inducing dopamine, and the cycle starts over.
According to Dr Dani, this hypothesis is consistent with other observations around smoking and drinking. As he says, “I was inspired by some work from Norway that showed one of the biggest predictors if someone is going to be picked up drink-driving is whether or not they smoked when they were young.”
But none of this answers the biggest question of all—will having a cigarette with your beer kill you? As always the answer comes in some pretty uncertain probability stats. So instead Dr Dani gave us some more facts about social smokers.
“What you’re describing is called a ‘chipper’—somebody who doesn’t smoke very often but will under certain circumstances,” he says. “And what I’d recommend is that you just don’t. Because it’s really, really common for that habit to slide into regular use. And then it’ll be really hard to give up.”
